Siberian Aerospace Journal

Peer-review qurterly journal.

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The Mission of Siberian Journal of Science and Technology is to provide active development of scientific and technological activities in the field of aviation and space technology, engineering, management, computer engineering, computer science. All papers have open access.

The Journal policy is directed towards supporting the author’s trustworthiness and following the ethical principles including as it relates to authorship.

Types of manuscripts to be accepted for publication

  • reviews
  • results of original research
  • short communications
  • letters to the editor

Publications

  • quarterly, 4 issues per year
  • free of charge for authors (no APC)
  • in English and Russian (full-text translation)

Distribution

  • Open Access, under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

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Current Issue

Vol 24, No 4 (2023)

Section 1. Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Management

Solution of the integral equation for the average cost of restoration in the theory of reliability of technical systems
Vainshtein V.I., Vainshtein I.I., Safonov K.V.
Abstract

Failures of elements during the operation of technical and many other systems are, as a rule, random in nature. This leads to various models of the recovery process, studied in probability theory and mathematical reliability theory. During the restoration process, failed elements are restored or replaced with new ones, and there is often a change in the costs and quality of the restored elements (time-to-failure distribution functions).

The work examines the cost function (average cost of restoration) in the process of restoration of order k1,k2, in which, according to a certain rule, the costs of each restoration and the distribution functions of operating time change.

Considering, that the recovery function (average number of failures) is well studied in reliability theory, a solution to the integral equation for the cost function is obtained through the recovery function of the model under consideration.

For the order restoration process k1,k2, a formula is obtained for calculating the cost function through the restoration function of a simple process formed by the convolution of all distribution functions of the periodic part. For practical application, explicit formulas are obtained for the cost function during the restoration process, in which the periodic part is distributed according to an exponential law or
an Erlang law of order  with the same exponent α.

The resulting formulas can be used to study the properties of the cost function and solve optimization problems in strategies for carrying out the restoration process in terms of price, quality, risk, if, for example, the average number of failures is taken as quality, the average cost of restorations as price, the dispersion of the number of failures as the risk, or cost of restoration.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):628-638
pages 628-638 views
Interpreting and processing side-scan sonar data with the objective of further automation
Goncharov A.E., Goncharova E.A.
Abstract

One of the most effective tools of remote sensing and visualization of underwater surfaces and objects are acoustic devices, in particular side-scan sonars (SSS). Recently, largely due to the emergence of affordable devices, the geography and scope of application of this device has been significantly expanded. Meanwhile, despite certain progress achieved in terms of improving and minimizing the SSS hardware, the software used remains, in general, at a basic level, providing the operator mainly with a simple tool for visualizing benthic environments and data recording for further post-processing. Existing experience in SSS exploitation reveals that the key issue of interpreting acoustic images lies in the physical essence of their acquisition. Arguably, attempts to implement methods of automated interpretation of optical images have no perspective. Hence, the objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical and practical background of SSS data interpretation and processing. A layout for the potential automation of this process is provided with the objective of eliminating human operation in the process of conducting survey and search operations. The authors consider the conditions of SSS exploitation including special attention to such issues as the vastness of search areas, which, as argued is the key problem of data and data pattern recognition. SSS image recognition is an issue relevant for a wide range of academic topics such as geometric distortion, image recognition, and navigation satellite system target localization.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):639-651
pages 639-651 views
Mathematical modeling of autocompensation devices
Katkova V.P., Vyakhirev V.A., Krintal A.N.
Abstract

The article is devoted to the order of development and description of mathematical models of automatic compensation devices of all-round radar stations. The development of algorithms for spatial processing of signals in radar systems with phased antenna arrays is an important stage in the design of radar stations. This article will consider the procedure for creating mathematical models of automatic compensation devices that differ in implementation methods, namely: the number of compensation channels, the position of the main and compensation (additional) channels of the radar station (stationary or dynamic), the amplitude-phase distribution of the main and additional antennas, the representation phased antenna array, algorithms for finding the weight vector. The adequacy of the operation of the models was verified by the method of computational experiment and the results are comparable with the implemented automatic compensation devices in radar stations. The results of the computational experiment, presented in the form of graphs of the signal at the output of the automatic compensation device, as well as the passage of the matched filter, show how effective the algorithm for calculating the weight vector, allow you to visually, quickly and economically compare the efficiency of the automatic compensation devices, depending on the method of their implementation. The article discusses the algorithm for the direct formation of the weight vector and the algorithm for the formation of the weight vector through the inverse correlation whitening matrix. Mathematical models of automatic compensation devices and the results of a computational experiment can be used to train future specialists who develop and operate radar stations.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):652-662
pages 652-662 views
Analysis of corporate network cyber threats based on parallel processing of Netflow data
Kononov D.D., Isaev S.V.
Abstract

Public services of various organizations are subject to constant cyber attacks, which increases information security risks. Network traffic analysis is an important task to ensure the safe operation of network infrastructure, including corporate networks. This paper provides an overview of the main approaches for analyzing network traffic, provides related works, and points out the shortcomings of existing works. One method is to analyze network traffic data using the Netflow protocol, which allows traffic data to be stored at the L3 layer of the OSI model. A feature of the study is the use of long observation periods. When storing data over long time intervals, the logs become large, which requires parallelization for primary data processing. The authors developed a cross-platform software package for distributed processing of network activity logs, which was used to analyze the network activity of the corporate network of the Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center for 2021–2022. A diagram of the software package is shown, its capabilities and operating features are described. Data sources for analysis and processing methods are provided. In this paper the authors formulated and formalized heuristic criteria for the anomaly of network traffic, which identify the presence of possible network attacks, and extracted datasets on the network activity of various application-level protocols. For the obtained data sets, statistical indicators were calculated, information about anomalous network activity was obtained for two years. In this work we tested the previously proposed method for comparing the cyber threats risks for different time intervals, which showed a significant increase in risks for 50% of indicators in 2022. Comparisons of monthly intervals over different years showed similar increases in risk. Thus, the method has shown its efficiency and can be used in other areas in which there are groups of criteria for independent indicators. The authors proposed plans for further development of methods for analyzing network activity.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):663-672
pages 663-672 views
An algorithm for fast multiplication of elements in 2-groups based on the Zhegalkin polynomials
Kuznetsov A.A., Kuznetsova A.S., Kishkan V.V.
Abstract

Network design for a multiprocessor computing system or data center is an important problem where the search for graph models that have attractive topological properties and allow the use of efficient routing algorithms is carried out. Cayley graphs have the indicated properties, in particular such as high symmetry, hierarchical structure, recursive design, high connectivity and fault tolerance.

The definition of the Cayley graph implies that the vertices of the graph are elements of some algebraic group. Selecting a group and its generating elements allows us to obtain a graph that meets the necessary requirements for diameter, degree of vertices, number of nodes, etc. A large number of scientific articles and monographs are devoted to solving this problem.

The goal of this work is to create an algorithm for fast multiplication of elements in finite 2-groups whose exponent is 2n.

The first section of the article provides a theoretical justification for the algorithm for fast multiplication in finite 2-groups. It is shown that elements of these groups can be represented in the form of bit strings, and their multiplication is carried out based on the Zhegalkin polynomials.

The second section presents the pseudocode of the algorithm on the basis of which the Zhegalkin polynomials are calculated.

The third section demonstrates an example of obtaining the Zhegalkin polynomials for a two-generated group of exponent 4.

In conclusion, the prospects for using the algorithm on the real hardware are discussed.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):673-680
pages 673-680 views

Section 2. Aviation and Space Technology

Characteristics research of a low thrust rocket engine manufactured using additive SLM technology
Akbulatov E.S., Nazarov V.P., Gerasimov E.V.
Abstract

The development and improvement of rocket and space technology are largely determined by the application of manufacturing technologies that enable the production of high-reliability products with energy efficiency, while simultaneously reducing material intensity and shortening the production cycle. Among these progressive technologies, additive technologies should be mentioned. The essence of these technologies lies in obtaining parts through layer-by-layer melting of material based on a computer 3D model of the product in a chamber of a specialized 3D printer equipped with a laser device.

The application of additive technologies in rocket engine construction requires extensive scientific research and experimental work to confirm compliance with industry standards, rules, and mandatory certification at the state level. In accordance with the program of priority research at SibSU, in collaboration with the industrial partner “Polychrome” LLC a complex of experimental work is being carried out to test and refine the 3D printing modes of a demonstrator model of a low thrust rocket engine (LTRE).

The design of the LTRE, operating on environmentally friendly gaseous fuel components, has been developed and adapted for 3D printing on the ASTRA 420 printer. The parameters and characteristics of the printer are considered, and the sequence of experimental work on selecting printing modes for the engine chamber housing and mixing head is outlined. The fundamental possibility of adjusting the modes of laser material melting and forming of the part has been established.

The main technological stages of post-printing processing of LTRE chamber parts are presented. A description of the equipment for heat treatment and electrochemical polishing of parts is provided. The sequence of material structure research is outlined, and the results of metallographic and X-ray analysis of the internal state of the metal are presented.

The importance of stand tests of rocket engines in the development of innovative design solutions and the implementation of innovative production technologies is demonstrated. A description and composition of the testing stand system at SibSU are presented. The results of stand firing tests indicate the fundamental possibility of manufacturing LTRE using selective laser melting of heat-resistant alloy.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):682-696
pages 682-696 views
Concentration of carbon dioxide in products of combustion of GTE NK-16ST and NK-16-18ST
Baklanov A.V.
Abstract

This paper considers the design of two combustion chambers of a gas turbine engine running on natural gas. One combustion chamber has 32 burners, and the other has 136 nozzles located in two rows in the flame tube head.

A major contributor to global warming is considered to be the significant emissions of greenhouse gases, primarily CO2, including those emitted by gas turbine engines and power plants. The reduction of carbon dioxide levels by developing a set of structural measures in the combustion chamber is one of the urgent tasks of engine construction which requires a solution in order to meet modern environmental requirements for gas turbine engines serving as blower drives for gas compressor units. The presented research is dedicated to the analysis of influence of changes in combustion chamber design on reduction of СО2 level in exhaust gases of gas turbine engine NK-16ST. Two modifications of the combustion chamber are considered. The first one was a serial combustion chamber with diffusion combustion, the second one was a modernized combustion chamber with a modified front device. Each of the chambers considered was tested as part of the engine. During the study, combustion products were sampled directly in the exhaust shaft and their concentrations, including the CO2 content, were determined. As a result of this work, it was confirmed that there is a possibility to reduce the concentration of CO2 in the engine combustion products up to 20 % without affecting the engine parameters. This reduction in carbon dioxide content was made possible by reducing the completeness of fuel combustion in the combustion chamber. The obtained data on changes in CO2 concentration can be useful in selecting the most suitable mode of engine operation, and the presented approaches to combustion processes organization can be used by developers in designing combustion chambers of natural gas-fired gas turbine engines.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):697-705
pages 697-705 views
Calculation of the parameters and characteristics of a rotating lunar jet penetrator
Gusev E.V., Zagovorchev V.A., Rodchenko V.V., Sadretdinova E.R., Shipnevskaya E.A.
Abstract

The purpose of the work is to determine the parameters of the internal ballistics of a solid fuel jet engine mounted on a jet penetrator entering the ground at a high rotation speed around its own axis. Research methods: to determine the pressure in the chamber of a rotating engine, the known equations for the balance of gas inflow and consumption are usually used, as in the case of a non-rotating solid fuel jet engine. The difference between the internal ballistics of a rotating solid fuel jet engine is that the effect of rotation on the operating process is taken into account by the coefficient of gas flow from the chamber of the rotating engine; a change in the rate of erosive combustion of solid fuel during rotation of a solid fuel jet engine; heat loss coefficient. Results: it was found that the parameters of the internal ballistics of rotating jet engines of solid fuel are mainly influenced by the coefficient of gas flow from the chamber of the rotating engine; effect of erosive combustion of solid fuel and change in heat loss coefficient. The main calculated dependencies for determining the pressure in the combustion chamber of a rotating solid fuel engine are presented for periods when the pressure reaches a stationary mode of operation of the engine, operation of the engine in a stationary mode and during the period of free flow of gases from the chamber of a solid fuel jet engine. A method for selecting the linear and angular dimensions of a rotating engine nozzle is presented. An estimate of the thrust force for a single nozzle rotating solid fuel jet engine is given. It has been established that the magnitude of the thrust force of rotating engines (under other identical conditions in the combustion chamber) is 1.1–1.36 times less than that of non-rotating solid fuel jet engines. The experiments carried out showed a decrease in the degree of swirl of the gas flow of rotating solid fuel engines with an increase in the number of fuel pellets in the engine charge. Conclusion: the results presented in the article can be useful for scientists, graduate students and engineers involved in the creation and operation of aviation and rocket and space technology, and can also be useful for students of technical universities studying in relevant specialties.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):706-716
pages 706-716 views
Mathematical model of thermophysical loading of a small-caliber artillery barrel with variant discretization of half-integer layers of the computational domain
Podkopaev I.A., Podkopaev A.V., Dolzhikov V.I.
Abstract

In the conditions of continuous financing of the programs of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation, the question of finding the most effective ways to modernize weapons and military (special) equipment, the developments in which are maximum and the processes of their improvement can take no more than a few years, is particularly acute. Such products, in particular, include aviation artillery weapons (AAO), the prospects for the use of which remain for the entire period of the army's existence with conventional weapons. The main factor influencing the quality of the AAO functioning is considered to be the thermophysical loading of a small-caliber artillery barrel (hereinafter referred to as the barrel) during firing. The problem of increasing the accuracy of determining the temperature field of the barrel is again updated by tightening the conditions for striking targets. Issues closely related to the intensification of AAO application regimes have come to the fore. These are issues of heating, cooling, thermal strength, wear, barrel survivability, issues of safety and firing efficiency. Despite the methodological evidence of analytical and numerical approaches to formalizing heat transfer in the wellbore, their practical implementation is rather complicated. The physical and mathematical meaning of this reason is as follows: possible instability of solutions; manifestation of oscillations in areas of large gradients; simultaneous presence in the solution regions of supersonic, sonic and subsonic zones; the existence of laminar, turbulent flows and other non-linear formations; non-triviality of setting boundary conditions; the presence of thermal resistance of surfaces, etc. However, the practical needs of ensuring safety and increasing the efficiency of fire operation of AAO dictate the need to obtain a close approximation of the problem under consideration to its possibly existing exact analytical solution. The aim of the work is to improve the mathematical apparatus that simulates the temperature field of the shaft based on a combination of heat transfer methods and mathematical physics. By verifying the reliability of the developed mathematical model (hereinafter referred to as the model, if from the context of the presentation of the material it is clear that we are talking about the proposed tools), the facts of the absence of methodological errors in the formation of the constituent blocks of the model and the increase in the accuracy of determining the thermal loading of the wellbore by 9.4% were established. Based on the accents of the stated problem, the directions for improving the model are argued.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):717-736
pages 717-736 views

Section 3. Technological Processes and Materials

Modeling of technological parameters of electron beam weldingfor rocket and space technology products
Seregin Y.N., Murygin A.V., Kurashkin S.O.
Abstract

The article contains the results of scientific research on modeling the technological parameters of electron beam welding. The modeling used a material VT-14 with a thickness of 0.16 cm. The purpose of the simulation is to improve the quality of the weld due to the optimal shape and the absence of defects in the form of pores and cracks. A concentrated energy source equivalent to an electron beam is used in the calculations. During the study of the thermal process of heating the material, the authors developed and tested criteria that allow optimizing welding parameters such as welding speed and the position of the focal spot relative to the surface of the heated part. In their calculations, the authors applied an original method of finding the welding speed and the coordinates of the focal spot according to the functionals of the thermal model. The algorithm developed by the authors was successfully tested on AMG-6 material with a thickness of 10 cm. In the process of modeling welding for large thicknesses, results have been obtained that must be taken into account when optimizing the welding parameters of products with large thickness. The relevance of the presented material is confirmed by the demand for the quality of the technology of welding structures with an electron beam. Research by the authors of this direction will significantly expand the possibilities in the application of electron beam technology for rocket and space technology.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):738-750
pages 738-750 views
Automated system for cleaning liquid waste products for closed ecosystems for space purposes
Trifonov S.V., Tikhomirov A.A., Murygin A.V.
Abstract

Ensuring human life activity for several years in isolated conditions of future Martian and lunar bases is possible with the organization of a circular process of converting organic waste, including human exometabolites (cal, urin), into the products he needs: water, oxygen and food. A promising way to organize such a circular process is to create a three–link closed ecosystem (CES): a person, a link for obtaining fertilizers from organic waste and plants - where plants synthesize the products necessary for a person. The paper considers the original scheme of a complex installation for the purification of liquid products of processing of human exometabolites from pollutants in the process of obtaining nutrient solutions for growing plants in a CES. The processing of human exometabolites was carried out in a device for physicochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous medium under the action of alternating electric current – in a “wet” combustion reactor. Peripheral equipment was selected for the organization of the automatic control system of the cleaning plant, problems were identified and approaches were developed in the automation of technological processes and the creation of software for human interaction with the proposed installation. Experiments on the cultivation of lettuce plants have been carried out, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed processes of purification of liquid products of processing of human exometabolites. It is concluded that the created integrated cleaning plant, equipped with the proposed software, can be used for scientific research in relation to the subject of CES, including space purposes.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):751-759
pages 751-759 views
Specific energy consumption of electro-contact-chemical treatment of metals with a vibrating tool in the electrolyte
Shestakov I.Y., Shestakov V.I., Trifanov I.V., Remizov I.A.
Abstract

According to the specific energy consumption, the shaping processes are arranged in three energy levels. Electrophysical and electrochemical methods of metal processing are at the third level, where the specific energy consumption is more than 6∙104 J/cm3. The analysis of the literature data showed the inconsistency of the specific costs of some authors. The specific energy consumption of electrical contact processing cannot be commensurate with the costs of electrochemical processing due to the different sizes of the particles removed from the surface of the workpiece. There are no literature data on the specific energy consumption of electro-contact-chemical treatment of metals with a vibrating instrument in the electrolyte, therefore, experiments have been carried out with the fixation of current, voltage and interelectrode gap oscillograms. The method of calculation of specific energy consumption according to the oscillograms of the process is given. The energy costs for vibration of the electrode-tool are calculated, which are an order of magnitude less for electro-contact-chemical treatment. When the vibration amplitude decreases or the voltage on the electrodes increases, the process in the interelectrode gap turns into dimensional arc processing. When electro-contact-chemical treatment of metals with a vibrating tool in water, the specific energy consumption is equal to (3.5–3.8) · 105 J/cm3, which corresponds to electrocon-tact treatment. It is assumed that the use of aqueous solutions of neutral salts will lead to a reduction in energy costs.

Siberian Aerospace Journal. 2023;24(4):760-767
pages 760-767 views

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